Globalization Positive Effects

University American College Skopje School of Business Administration Final paper Spring Semester 2011 International Management & Globalisation Instructor:Student: Professor Dimitrios E. Akrivoulis Vlatko Bogoevski ID: 9243 Skopje, April, 2011 Table of content: Globalization Impact of the globalization Positive effects of the globalization †¢ Increased Competition †¢ Employment †¢ Investment and Capital Flows †¢ Foreign Trade †¢ Spread of Technical Know-How †¢ Spread of Culture †¢ Spread of Education †¢ Legal and Ethical Effects Negative impact of the globalization †¢ Employment issues Safety and security concerns †¢ Environmental issues †¢ Other negative effects What is the influence of the globalization process in India Globalization effect to the Indian women What are the main players in the process of Globalizations †¢ Transnational Corporations †¢ Investors †¢ World Trade Organization †¢ World Bank and IMF †¢ U. S. Treasury Department †¢ NGO’s Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the topic of Globalization. Specifically it will discuss the positive and negative effects of the Globalizations, and how it reflected to the Indian market.In addition, it will provide information of the main players in the globalization process and which organizations played the most important rule in setting up the international law and regulations. Summary: It is clear that globalization is something more than a purely economic phenomenon manifesting itself on a global scale. Based on my broader research of the topic of globalization and its effects, we may conclude that the process has had many positive and negative aspects. Some countries gained more benefits than others; some people lost their jobs while some of them get employment using the benefits of the globalization.Taking the positive side in the process, I believe that international organizat ions and governments have to support the phenomenon of globalization by implementing fair rules and regulations equal for all players and countries. International organization like WTO, World Bank, IMF have to foreseen the countries especially developing countries to change the criteria of attracting foreign companies in which the resources, safety and country stability will be the main criteria of attracting foreign capital, rather than exploitation labor force or neglecting the main safety and environmental standards.By creating a fair competition the trend of multi nationals companies will slow down and will provide room for development and maintain of small and medium companies. Strict law and regulations has to be foreseen from the international organizations to the governments and main players (multinational companies) in the process of globalization in which they will monitor the effects and take the right actions that will boost only the positive and beneficial aspects. Glob alization People in the world are much more connected than ever before.Goods and services produced in Asia or Africa short after are available on the other continents in the world. Travelers moving in other countries more frequent. International communication based on last technology achievements, (the internet) make people to communicate in much easier way than ever before. Information, data, and money flow are trade all around the world quickly than ever. This phenomenon has been named as Globalization. In the modern world globalizations has been identified as system of communications and relations among the countries that will help to develop the global economy and people living standard.It mostly refers to the integration of trade and industry, political and cultural exchanges all over the world. [1] Joseph Stiglitz, an economist and winner of the Nobel Prize defines globalization as the closer integration of the countries and peoples of the world †¦ brought about by the en ormous reduction of costs of transportation and communication, and the breaking down of artificial barriers to the flows of goods, services, capital, knowledge, and people across borders. [2] Impact of the globalizationSome argue that globalization is a positive development as it will help to develop new industries and will create more jobs in developing countries, while other says that the globalization is negative. They believe that it may force poorer countries of the world to do whatever the big developed countries tell them to do. Another viewpoint is that developed countries, like USA, Canada, are the ones who may lose out because they are involved in outsourcing many of the manufacturing jobs that used to be done by their own citizens.Positive effects of the globalization: The positive effects are numerous and extremely beneficial for everyone in all countries. The following effects have been identified as the major benefits of the Globalization: Increased Competition It†™s more than obvious if the market is bigger and more companies could offer the products at the same market and under same conditions the final consumers would feel the benefic in terms of financial and quality. Customer service approaches to production have led to improved quality of products and services.As the domestic companies have to fight out foreign competition, they are compelled to raise their standards and customer satisfaction levels in order to survive in the market. Employment Many companies like NIKE, Mercedes, Procter&Gamble, have transferred the production into developing countries having the opportunity to use the benefits of it, like reducing the unemployment rate, higher government revenue expectation due to different taxes etc. However, the employment benefit of the globalization may have negative effect.Due to global nature of the businesses, people of developing countries can obtain employment opportunities, but the developed countries have lost jobs on acco unt of this movement of jobs to the developing world. Investment and Capital Flows One of the most positive impacts of globalization in China is the flow of foreign capital. Many companies have directly invested in China by starting the production factories there. Chinese companies which have been performing well, both in China and abroad, will attract a lot of foreign investment, and pushes up the reserve of foreign exchange available in China.This is also one of the positive effects of globalization in US and other developed countries as developing countries give them a good investment proposition. Foreign Trade Foreign trade has had positive impact records in the history. Globalization process through different organization like World Trade Organization, IMF and others have been established with a view to control and regulate the trade activities of the countries. [3] Spread of Technical Know-How It is generally assumed that all the innovations happen in the developed countries.D ue to globalization the know-how comes into developing countries that help them to use the benefits of it and speed up the developing process. Without globalization the knowledge of new inventions, medicines would remain in the countries that came up, and no one else would benefit. But due to improved political ties, there is a flow of information both ways. Spread of technical know how may be counted as one of the most positive aspect of the globalization. [4] Spread of Culture This effect of globalization has many positive impacts but also we may find it as reason of intolerance between different nationalities that leads to wars.Societies have become larger as they have welcomed people of other civilizations and backgrounds and created a whole new culture of their own. Cooking styles, languages and customs have spread all due to globalization. The same can be said about movies, musical styles and other art forms. They too have moved from one country to another, leaving an impressi on on a culture which has adopted them. Spread of Education One of the most powerful positive effects of globalization to the people is the spread of education. People from different continents may study abroad and gaining the positive experience may not find in their own country.A good example of that is how the American managers went to Japan to learn the best practices in the field of mass production and incorporated that knowledge in their own production units. Legal and Ethical Effects Gone are the days where the limited jurisdiction became a barrier in the prosecution of criminals. These days due to international courts of justice, these criminals can no longer seek protection in a foreign country. Due to globalization, there is also an understanding between the security agencies and the police of two or more different countries who will come together to curb  global terrorism.This is undoubtedly one of the greatest positive effects of globalization on society. [5] Negative impact of the globalization Globalization has the negative side as well. Opponents of the globalization point out to the following negative effects: Employment issues Many companies have transferred the manufacturing work in developing countries like China where the cost of the production goods are lower. That means fewer jobs for the people in developed countries. Programmers, accountant and others in developed countries lost their job due to outsourcing to cheaper location like Pakistan, India. Etc.In additional, globalization has led to exploitation of labor. P Prisoners and child workers are used to work in inhumane conditions while safety standards are ignored to produce cheap goods. Job insecurity seems to be real problem of globalization. While in the past people had stable and permanent jobs, today they live in constant dread of losing their jobs to competition. Increased job competition has led to salary reduction and lower standards of living. Safety and security concerns Advanced technology does not mean that always will be used in a proper way, like to improve the people life or to benefit the global economy.Terrorists use the internet to communicate between themselves and also they have access to sophisticated weapons that increase their ability to inflict damages. This is undoubtedly the negative effects of the globalization. [6] Environmental issues Many companies in the developing countries have set up the industries causing pollution due to the poor environmental regulation. Other negative effects: †¢ Bad aspects of foreign cultures are affecting the local cultures through TV and the Internet. †¢ Enemy nations and organization can spread propaganda through the Internet.The domino effect in the Egypt and Libya come as the result of fast and easy channels of transferring information. †¢ Deadly diseases are being spread by travelers to the remotest corners of the globe. †¢ The increase in prices has reduced the government†™s ability to sustain social welfare schemes in developed countries. †¢ Multinational companies and corporations which were previously restricted to commercial activities are increasingly influencing political decisions. [7] What is the influence of the globalization process in IndiaIndia opened up the economy for foreign investors in the early nineties. The new government has implemented law, regulations, and globalization strategy that will be in favor of international businesses and radically pushed forward market oriented economy. The government of India made changes in its economic policy in 1991 by which it allowed direct foreign investments in the country. As a result of this, globalization of the Indian Industry took place on a major scale. Liberalization that was established in the 1990’s included the following major changes: Modifying of the industrial licensing regime, †¢ Reduction in the number of areas reserved for the public sector, †¢ Amendment of the monopolies and the restrictive trade practices, †¢ Start of the privatization programme, †¢ Reduction in tariff rates and change over to market determined exchange rates. [8] Over the years the liberalization of the Indian market become reality, more and more sectors opened up for foreign direct investments facilitating the entry of industries like steel, pharmaceutical, petroleum, chemical, textile, cement, retail and etc.One of the great changes, the sharply reduction of the tariffs rates contributed to speed up the process of foreign investment. â€Å"The Indian tariff rates reduced from average of 72. 5% in 1991-92 to 24. 6 in 1996-97. Though tariff rates went up slowly in the late nineties it touched 35. 1% in 2001-02. India is committed to reduced tariff rates. Peak tariff rates are to be reduced to be reduced to the minimum with a peak rate of 20%, in another 2 years most non-tariff barriers have been dismantled by March 2002, including almost all quantitat ive restrictions. [9] One of the major impacts of the globalization in Indian industry is that many international companies have decided to invest there particularly in the pharmaceutical, petroleum, and manufacturing industries. It helped Indian economy to develop significantly. Those investments has reduced the unemployment rate in country and brought highly advanced technology that helped to make the Indian Industry more technologically advanced. The various negative effects of Globalization on Indian Industry are that it increased competition between the foreign and domestic companies.Goods produced by the foreign companies were cheaper and better to the one produced by the domestic companies. It reduced the profit of the domestic companies and many people lost the jobs. This happened mainly in the pharmaceutical, manufacturing, chemical, and steel industries. The negative effects of Globalization on Indian Industry are that with the coming of technology the number of labor requ ired decreased and this resulted with higher unemployment rate. [10] Globalization effect to the Indian women: Globalization has had negative implications for Indian women.According to estimates from World Development Indicators, â€Å"Women work two-thirds of the world’s working hours, produce half of the world’s food, but earn only ten percent of the world’s income, and own less than one percent of the world’s property. †[11] In India most of the women work two full time jobs. One in a factory where they are paid almost nothing, the  other is in home where they are paid nothing. One example of women’s labor being exploited would be the Noida Export Processing Zone, which is 24 km from  New Delhi. These â€Å"zones† prefer to hire women because they are more docile and more productive in men.In short they are easier to control and less likely to retaliate against less than ideal working conditions, which are exactly what thousand s of women encounter 12 hours a day. The zone is dangerous, hot, and unsanitary. Unnecessary body searches are routine. There are no maternity benefits and minimum wage is never enforced. Women who become pregnant or marry are immediately fired. Overtime is compulsory but women are paid lower rates than men. In order to avoid being fired, women turn to unsafe abortions performed by unqualified â€Å"doctors. In the zone â€Å"respiratory problems, pelvic inflammatory disease, and sever cases of dehydration and anemia are common. †[12] What are the main players in the process of Globalizations Transnational Corporations: Large corporations (such as Nike, Hanes, Dole, Exxon, etc. ) that operate mostly in developing countries, are not regulated by any international body and because making a profit is their main responsibility, they often move factories in nations that offer the lowest wages, environmental standards, taxes, etc. with aim to maximize the profit and lower the prod uction costs.Of the world’s primary economic financial powers (with the largest revenue), 49 are countries— and 51 are corporations. [13] Investors: Investment firms, banks, mutual funds and hedge funds, etc. , who â€Å"move† money around constantly, buying and selling internationally. World Trade Organization: â€Å"The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and international trade agreement which developed at the Bretton Woods Conference. This conference also created WTO the United Nations, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.The WTO develops and enforces trade rules for all member nations; for example it can decide that certain country’s environmental standards are unfair barriers to trade. World Bank and IMF: The World Bank and IMF make loans for development purposes (roads, power plants, etc. ) to developing countries to move people out of poverty and into self-sufficiency. When poor countries fall behind in loan payments (they canno t seek bankruptcy protection like corporations such as Enron can), the Bank makes additional loans that dictate the poor country’s economic system so it can pay back the growing interest.These structural adjustment policies (SAPs) have meant countries in Africa, for example, have had to cut back funding for health care, education, and social services. People in these counties must now grow food for export to pay off loans rather than for feeding their own people. U. S. Treasury Department: U. S. Treasury department controls 17% of the World Bank and IMF decision-making power by giving it a larger share of power than any other country in decisions. It also plays a dominant role in the WTO. Many of its decisions in these bodies are shaped by the U. S.Treasury Department which handles financial and currency matters for U. S. Government. NGO’s: Non-governmental organizations are a wide range of non-profit groups representing different communities and segments of civil soci ety. Such groups are increasingly working together through growing networks to bring positive change and economic justice to people in poverty and without power. †[14] List of references: http://global_india1. tripod. com/negative. htm http://www. scribd. com/doc/49266417/Effects-of-Globalization-on-Indian-Industry http://www. buzzle. com/articles/negative-effects-of-globalization. tml http://iecblogs. org/informational/globlisation-its-impact-on-india http://usforeignpolicy. about. com/od/trade/a/whatisgz. htm http://mindtools. net/GlobCourse/gdef. shtml http://ezinearticles. com/? The-Positive-Effects-of-Globalization&id=1126427 http://www. buzzle. com/articles/negative-effects-of-globalization. html http://iecblogs. org/informational/globlisation-its-impact-on-india Business Organisation And Management (For Delhi University B. Com Hons. Course http://www. scribd. com/doc/49266417/Effects-of-Globalization-on-Indian-Industry by Phillip Tomlinson; http://www. simulconference. om/clients/sowf/dispatches/dispatch22. html http://www. ramveena. com/p/ramveena-india-is-one-of-few-countries. html http://juan-globalization. blogspot. com/ http://members. iimetro. com. au/~hubbca/globalisation. htm http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization http://riskreport. weforum. org/ Words: 2779 ———————– [1] http://usforeignpolicy. about. com/od/trade/a/whatisgz. htm [2] http://mindtools. net/GlobCourse/gdef. shtml [3] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization [4] http://members. iimetro. com. au/~hubbca/globalisation. htm [5] http://ezinearticles. com/?The-Positive-Effects-of-Globalization&id=1126427 [6] http://riskreport. weforum. org/ [7] http://www. buzzle. com/articles/negative-effects-of-globalization. html [8] http://iecblogs. org/informational/globlisation-its-impact-on-india [9] Business Organisation And Management (For Delhi University B. Com Hons. Course [10] http://www. scribd. c om/doc/49266417/Effects-of-Globalization-on-Indian-Industry [11] by Phillip Tomlinson; http://www. simulconference. com/clients/sowf/dispatches/dispatch22. html [12] http://www. ramveena. com/p/ramveena-india-is-one-of-few-countries. html [13] http://juan-globalization. blogspot. com/ [14]

Action Research On Milwaukee Flooding Environmental Sciences Essay

Floods are inevitable natural phenomena that cause terrible harm in footings of lives, natural resources, the economic system, and wellness. On the international degree, deluging histories for 40 per centum of catastrophes worldwide and causes 26 per centum of disaster-related mortalities ( Whiteman, 2004 ) . Aside from environmental impacts, the societal impacts of deluging in communities around the universe are common among several states such as economic impacts, impacts on physical wellness, psychological wellness, impacts related to emptying and impermanent resettlement, and community and vicinity alterations ( International Association for Impact Assessment [ IAIA ] , 2003 ; Genovese et al. , 2006 ) . The biggest challenge in countries considered as high-risk for implosion therapy is extenuation ( FEMA, 2010 ) . This action research intends to utilize the Milwaukee implosion therapy in July 2010 to show the themic jobs in catastrophe direction and extenuation attempts. This lit erature reappraisal will continue to demo that inundation extenuation requires a comprehensive, integrated, and multi-stakeholder attack toward inundation hazard direction. It will try to demo and show this thesis based on research and instance surveies in the United States and best pattern catastrophe extenuation attempts in other countries worldwide. In a study by The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction [ UN/ISDR ] ( 2008 ) , it was postulated that communities which create its ain thoughts and work programmes to turn to their demands and exposures have better opportunities of long-run solutions. Due to the increasing urbanisation, increasing demand for infinite, and climate alteration concerns practically everyplace in the universe, the demand to switch from conventional inundation direction attacks to an integrated attack has been recommended ( UNESCO, 2001 ; FEMA, 2010 ) . Integrated attack to deluge direction means that there are pre- and post-disaster steps planned and implemented in a vicinity which are linked to other communities, authorities bureaus, and organisations in order to turn to exposures which communities are unable to work out on their ain ( UN/ISDR, 2008 ) . Multi-sectoral attacks to deluge direction have been utilized by vicinities in order to extenuate flood harm. In a instance s urvey performed by the Tearfund International ( 2005 ) , two communities in Africa came up with a comprehensive and multi-sectoral program which required 1 ) a comprehensive hazard appraisal 2 ) protagonism and linkage with authorities, private sector, and the Districts concerned and acceptance of Torahs to deter agribusiness 20 metres from the watercourse 3 ) networking with other authorities bureaus to procure expertness and 4 ) community mobilisation. The same multi-sectoral attacks have been undertaken in other states as good ( Petrov et al. , 2005 ; Genovese et al. , 2006 ) . In the United States, communities work hand-in-hand with the federal authorities and the private sector in order to cut down hazard and harm caused by deluging ( FEMA, 2010 ) . Based on a survey by Petrov, et Al. ( 2005 ) , an incorporate theoretical account of flood direction is quantifiable in footings of sustainable development and inundation defence. The survey focused on two communities in Italy which used the incorporate mold attack to supplement structural steps with non-structural steps such as land direction and planning, land usage planning and development limitations. The determination that a comprehensive scheme using both structural and non-structural extenuation steps toward inundation direction is the most effectual scheme is consistent with other state studies ( Lin, De Guzman, & A ; Cuevas, 2007 ; Genovese, et al. , 2006 ; Zevenbergen et al. , 2008 ) . Furthermore, ‘best pattern ‘ surveies have besides pointed to the increasing importance of a multi-stakeholder attack in inundation hazard direction ( FEMA, 2008 ; Galloway, 2005 ) . This attack means that all the stakeholders in a community have functions to play from be aftering to the execution stage. When planning is done unsuitably and without a stakeholder analysis, any inundation hazard direction scheme may worsen the negative effects of utmost hydrological procedures ( Petrov, et al. , 2005 ) . Hence, concerns from assorted sectors must be heard and considered, and local cognition and resources should be evaluated with support from exterior ( Genoese, et al. , 2006 ) . These surveies point out that a co-ordinated attempt is necessary to protect everyone ‘s involvement in the event of implosion therapy. The dominant scheme in inundation direction every bit far as the U.S. is concerned has been structural in nature. Flood extenuation attempts in the state go around around the demand to cut down the cost of harm brought approximately by the devastation of belongings. However, due to increasing financial load caused by structural steps, urban contrivers and exigency direction experts look to the usage of non-structural steps to cut down the harm caused by deluging. Between 1960 and 1985, FEMA estimated that the federal authorities used $ 38 billion of taxpayers ‘ money on structural inundation direction steps ( FEMA, 2010 ) . A chief step used to cut down inundation hazard is the building of levees which were subsequently augmented by channel work to rush floodwaters to their ultimate finishs ( Lin, De Guzman, & A ; Cuevas, 2007 ) . Elsewhere, particularly in the underdeveloped universe, the most common structural step utilized in order to cut down implosion therapy is the buildi ng of dikes. Structures to pin down dust flows in canons upriver from alluvial fans include permeable dikes that stop bowlders but permit H2O to run out, that is, grid dikes dwelling of cross-linked steel pipes, horizontal beams, perpendicular steel pipes, or reinforced columns. Widely used in Canada and the US, they suddenly slow the advancement of dust flows by run outing the H2O ( Hyndman & A ; Hyndman, 2010 ) . The biggest challenge with such structural steps in the U.S. experience has been the financial load shouldered by the federal authorities. The addition in deposit along with the development brought approximately by urbanisation has required more investing in extra constructions. Elsewhere in the universe, in a survey commissioned by the World Commission on Dams ( WCD ) , 54 % of dikes constructed sustained cost overproductions ( Whiteman, 2004 ) . Structural inundation direction steps have besides come under onslaught for their alleged inauspicious impacts on the wellness and environment. In a study by the International Rivers Network, the building of dikes and constructions to slake implosion therapy has led to massive and nonvoluntary relocation, loss of support for those dependent on flood plains, and forced evictions ( Lin, De Guzman, & A ; Cuevas, 2007 ) . Another concern with dike is its part to climate alteration gases as they release over 104 million MT of methane yearly. Land usage planning and direction is another scheme used in order to cut down inundation amendss by curtailing development on inundation fields. The displacement from structural to set down usage planning was triggered by the monolithic harm sustained during the 1993 Mississippi River inundation. FEMA started to purchase floodplain land in order to deter other people from reconstructing on flood-prone land and being flooded out once more. Alternatively of lodging and development undertakings, land was used for agribusiness, Parkss, and other related utilizations. Some counties have resisted application for development undertakings by corporations in order to extenuate deluging but many instances have been petitioned by developers in tribunals ( Hyndman & A ; Hyndman, 2010 ) . A common place is that modulating edifice and building of inundation fields infringement upon single rights to belongings while FEMA maintains that in flood-prone countries, the right of persons to construct bel ongings infringed upon the rights of other persons. Furthermore, one million millions of public revenue enhancement dollars have been coursed out to supply alleviation from deluging and construct flood-management constructions. Buyout and resettlement strategies have worked in some counties. For case, in Iowa, over 46 resettlement undertakings and buyouts have been initiated by the province to extenuate flood harm. There have been more than 1,000 belongingss removed from flood-prone countries which have protected critical installations such as infirmaries. FEMA has invested $ 54 million for these resettlement and buyout undertakings and catastrophe alleviation financess were given merely More than 1,000 belongingss have been removed from flood-hazard countries in the province. Over 20 critical installations, such as infirmaries, have been protected. At least 66 undertakings have been funded, with a entire investing of $ 54 million in FEMA ( Earthquake Engineering Research Institute [ EERI ] , 2008 ) . Flood insurance is another non-structural inundation direction step that has been progressively used by authoritiess because of the financial loads of structural steps ( Genovese, 2006 ) . Flood case mitigates the cost of flood harm while and at the same clip influences behavior to further cut down future harm. The inundation insurance scheme is basically a cost-sharing agreement among belongings and concern proprietors, insurance and re-insurance industry, and authorities. Under the authorization of the National Flood Insurance Program ( NFIP ) , flood insurance is available to people populating in flood plains ( Hyndman & A ; Hyndman, 2010 ) . The federal authorities provides insurance while its purchase is delegated to private insurance companies. There are two chief advantages of inundation insurance. First, it eases financial load on authorities for inundation bar and alleviation. Second, it allows for drum sander and automated transportation of payments to individuals ( nonaffe cted or victims ) covered by a similar insurance plan ( Larson & A ; Plasencia, 2005 ) . Despite the purported benefits of inundation insurance, merely 20-30 % of those eligible participate in the insurance plan ( Galloway, 2005 ) . Before people can be eligible to claim insurance, FEMA requires the community, to finish the needed surveies to demarcate flood plain zones and enforce ordinances. To be eligible for inundation insurance, the community must finish the needed surveies to denominate flood plain zones and implement its ordinances ( FEMA, 2010 ) . A hurdle in inundation insurance is conflict over civil wrong claims. The NFIP can pre-empt civil wrong claims made by landholder utilizing province jurisprudence against independent contractors hired by FEMA under the obstruction preemption rule where â€Å" province jurisprudence stands as an obstruction to the achievement and executing of the full intents and aims of Congress † ( Freightliner Corp. v. Myrick, 514 U.S. 280 , 287, 1995 ) . Taken together, the reviewed instance surveies and studies indicate that experience in inundation direction support the usage of a comprehensive and incorporate attack to cut down economic harm brought approximately by deluging ( Simonovic, 2005 ; Global Water Partnership, 2006 ; Genovese, et al. , 2006 ) . This means that while structural steps have been found to ease the impact of floodwater and dust flows, the federal authorities has looked to non-structural steps because of the load its shoulders from building levees, dikes, and other flood-control constructions. Measures such as land usage planning and direction, buyouts, and inundation insurance have shown promise but brush opposition and challenges. Community engagement and multi-stakeholder attacks are necessary in explicating sustainable inundation direction programs to construct more resilient communities.

Shaman as a Hero

Illustrate thoroughly the essential characteristics of the shaman by referring to events in the mythical narratives about at least two ancient heroes of this type (e. g. , Gilgamesh, Herakles, and Cu Chulainn). Shaman as a Hero Traditionally, the shaman is a character in a religious position who communicates with the afterlife in some way. By altering forms of consciousness, the shaman is able to encounter and interact with the spirit world. In early myths and tales in oral literature the motif of shaman like characteristics is a trend that is evident. However, in these tales the shaman is intertwined with the stereotypical epic Hero.This creates characters that are complicated and intriguing. Tales such as The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Labors of Herakles display a heroic figure that is not only strong in physique but also possesses a divine connection with the afterlife and the gods. With these attributes, these heroes encounter many obstacles that require more than pure brawn to ov ercome and venture to dark spiritual places alluding to the afterlife/ underworld. A very common tradition in these oral myths is a conquest of either beasts or some type of wild force that inhibits the shamanistic hero’s culture or people from prospering.In The Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh is faced with many challenges. One challenge particularly threatens his kingdom. Once Gilgamesh and Enkidu have returned from their forest journey, the goddess Ishtar becomes overcome with lust for Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh refuses Ishtar and out of spite, Ishtar asks her father to send down the Bull of Heaven to punish him, bringing seven years of famine with it. With the help of Enkidu, Gilgamesh wrestles and kills the bull. By doing this, Gilgamesh overcomes the beast for the good of his people. Gilgamesh’s morality and greed is questioned but his ability as a leader never falters. His lust leaves no virgin to her lover, neither the warrior's daughter nor the wife of the noble; yet th is is the shepherd of the city, wise, comely, and resolute. † Nearly the entire tale of Herakles revolves on the hero overcoming some type of impending force, whether that be slaying the Hydra or obtaining the Belt of Hippolyte. None of these tasks directly inhibit his people, but they do offer atonement for his own pain/ guilt that he feels for slaying his own children. The heroes’ epic triumphs are much more than just grand acts of strength and bravery, these triumphs offer the hero a chance to grow in spirituality during their journey.Gilgamesh’s defeat of the Bull of Heaven results in the death of his friend Enkidu at the hands of the gods, which therefore sends him on a quest to discover himself and overcome his fear of death by speaking with Utnapishtim. On the other hand, Herakles’ many obstacles offer him the opportunity to put his mind at rest for his past actions. Both heroes’ journeys result in a feeling of peace, accomplishment, and unde rstanding. The Heroes in both of these epics also travel to places that seem to be of another world. By eluding to the afterworld/ afterlife these heroes share another shamanistic characteristic.In The Epic of Gilgamesh the hero travels far and wide in search for the answer to eternal life. Gilgamesh battles two large scorpions that guard an entry into a dark place between two mountains. In this journey he comes across a veiled tavern keeper who warns him of his futile pursuit and sends him onward to a ferryman. This is an allusion to the River Styx, which separates the living world from the dead. During the passage across the sea, the water is constantly referred to as death, and the environment continues to be ominous and haunting. This particular part of Gilgamesh’s journey directly relates him to the shaman.In his search for the answer to eternal life, Gilgamesh interacts with the dead and ventures to places where no mortal had been before. Similar to Gilgamesh, Harakles also ventures to places of the undead. Herakles must travel to the Underworld to take on the vicious guard dog of Hades, Cerberus. This task is the twelfth and final labor of Harakles. In this labor, the theme of the dead is very obvious. Herakles interacts with many â€Å"souls† and spirits. In particular, Herakles encounters phantoms empty of blood. This mention of bloodless creatures directly is related to the dead and life after death.This interaction displays the shaman characteristics of Herakles. Although Herakles is a brut and heroic force that is impending to any opposing challenege; Herakles also shows a great sense of wisdom and understanding of the spirit world. Both of these heroes use their wisdom and shamanistic characteristics to alleviate some type of concern in their life. Herakles’ actions alleviate his guilt, and Gilgamesh’s journey alleviates his overwhelming fear of death. After reviewing and enjoying these myths, I have come to realize tha t Gilgamesh and Herakles are much more than just a traditional hero.Gilgamesh and Herakles are quite complex characters that have inner struggles as well as physical battles/ challenges. The struggles of these heroes’ spirituality give the reader a sense of connection to the character and offer something that can be directly related to. This spirituality also can be seen as a sense of weakness; however this weakness eventually leads to an overwhelming sense of accomplishment and drives the heroes to seek out the answers that allow for the hero to become stronger in mind and physicality.

Cultural approaches to disease Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cultural approaches to disease - Research Paper Example On the other hand, Procter defines disease as the presence of an illness in the human body, often caused by infection, a definition that dominated in the early twentieth century’s-understanding of human health in which the biomedical perspective adopted was characterised by the narrow view of health as the mere absence of illness in the body. However, this vintage point has been replaced by a more encompassing one in which the role of the three aspects of biomedical, socio-cultural, and psychology in promoting society wellbeing have been brought together to form the modern day bio-psychosocial model. In fact, in 1948, the World Health Organization gave a standard definition of health as not the absence of disease or infirmity, but rather the complete mental, social, and mental state of well being. This definition captured the intricacy and multidisciplinary nature of health as a concept. The inclusion of the social dimension points to fact that the individual is a social being influenced and affected by the society they are in and his/her health being more than merely physiological (Card, et. al. 76). This widened viewpoint has over the years led to a shift from the traditional focus on the individual, as the sole unit of analysis and primary factor in preventing diseases and promotion of health. The modern day psychological approaches views individuals form a subset of a set influenced significantly by other factors of the social, economic, cultural, and physical environments. This paper will argue about the different cultural perspectives of disease, precisely HIV/AIDS, and their influence the global spread of diseases. Both the theoretical and applied approaches to health need to develop a culturally receptive understanding. This understanding is that models developed mostly in the developed world are expanded and improved by observing their efficiency and impact across varied cultural societies. This

Strategic management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Strategic management - Assignment Example The Yip’s drivers of internationalization will aid the paper by identifying underlying conditions in the smart-phone industry that create potential for both Apple and Samsung to use global strategy, including market drivers, cost drivers, competitive drivers, and government drivers (Goldman & Nieuwenhuizen, 2010: p48). Each of these drivers will affect how both companies use global strategy levers like global marketing, global services and products, and global market participation. The paper will also use Porter’s generic strategies, which will aid in understanding how Apple and Samsung pursue their competitive advantages across their respective market scopes (Kossowski, 2012: p50). The companies will be assessed for their use of the three generic strategies of focus, differentiation, and lower cost to gain competitive advantage over their rivals. In short, this tool will help in reflecting the choices both companies have made in relation to their scope and form of competitive advantage. Finally, McKinsey’s 7- S framework will be used in investigating whether Apple and Samsung are achieving their set out objectives. This tool will be especially useful in understanding Samsung’s and Apple’s organizational design through seven fundamental internal elements, including structure, strategy, shared values, systems, staff, style, and skills to identify whether these are aligned effectively to allow both companies attain its aims and object ives (Lynch, 2012:

Garabology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Garabology - Essay Example This is my weekly routine before I go to the supermarket for shopping foodstuffs. A rough estimate of this waste equated to $12 which is about eight percent the grocery bill I handle every week. Another inclination on the same is the waste of textiles. I realized that my family would throw away several clothes every week and sometimes it included shoes, beddings and curtains. I realized that I threw away at least one cloth every week and that makes my expenditure on the same rise even though am comfortable with the same. There has also been waste associated with paper. This originates mainly from the used paper towels, packaging material, cut-outs of magazines and newspapers. I realized with the kind of artwork my younger sister is in to, we throw away such waste amounting to about 4 kg per week. This is regardless of other biodegradable substances she uses when drawing or painting. Polythene materials and plastic such as packaging material also form part of the materials that are thrown away. Since I do most of the grocery shopping during the weekend and most of the stuff I buy is packed using this material, it came to my attention that this was the main reason why I do collect a lot of polythene material for disposal every week. Glass can also be accounted as waste though it is not consistent. This may include breakage of cups or tumblers. My parents always complain how we are poor eaters and they would always try and tell us stories referencing to their days. They would at least not take one meal out of the typical three in a day because of the economic status of their parents at the time. This kind of garbage insinuates the idea that the family has more than enough to eat and spare. This is despite the fact the family does not maximize these products. This may portray the household as either a middle class or a high class family because the children therein are able to dispose at least

PEST Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

PEST Analysis - Essay Example Insecticides and pesticides are being sprayed extensively on crops without any notice and thus result in a number of medical problems. People suffer from digestion related issues, a number of carcinomas also take their origin from such chemically treated food products. As cited by Dich,  Zahm,  Hanberg and  Adami (1997), arsenic being used in these chemicals has been labeled as the potential carcinogen for humans by International Agency of Research on Cancer. Not only have the crops taken the toll, but the animal husbandry and dairy farming has also been suffering from the consequences over the past few decades. In short there is a dire need for a drastic change that will rid the mankind of this curse of chemicals and artificial products and this is where companies like Eden Food step in. As the changing trends introduced to the modern customer the organic food products, a ray of hope was seen. Organic food according to FDA as cited by Food Marketing Institute (2012) can be def ined by taking into consideration that the word organic does not simply refer to the food but also gives an indication as to how it has been produced. It must be noted that such food is different from natural food and also it must not be subject to any amount of irradiation whatsoever. Companies like Eden Food are a way out for the people seeking healthy, environment friendly food which is palatable too. As the awareness of the health conscious clientele is increasing, more questions arise and it becomes imperative for the industries and businesses to be more vigilant in their approach. Luckily enough Eden Foods has been able to cope up with the challenge it is made to face with and there have been introduced a wide variety of organic food products for the customers to choose from. With every passing day, the market for organic food and especially Eden Foods is growing by leaps and bounds. According to the Federal Marketing Institute as cited by Cook (2004), a study conducted in 200 0 showed that the global market for organic food was at an estimated 20 million dollars with USA accounting for 39% of it. In short, with the ever increasing demand of a healthy living, the responsibility on the food industry increases manifold and there is a dire need placed in front of Eden Foods to match the demands of the customers if successful business is to be managed in the long run. Procedure working of the product chosen As has been the trend observed over the past several decades, the third world countries are introduced to a new product when some time has been elapsed after the introduction of the same product in the markets of the first world countries. On the same basic principle it has been observed that the trend of organic foods in the first world traces back to the 80s and 90s, whereas the poorer states of the world are now being introduced to this concept and it is comparatively novel for them. On the other hand, when the needs of the two groups of countries are c ompared, it is seen that the people residing in the third world countries are more in need of pure and healthy food free from contaminants and artificial chemicals. These people are faced with the problems of unhealthy and unsanitary drinking water and the living conditions in general are not as refined as in the first world states (Gadgil, 1998). For that matter, the whole chiaroscuro of unhealthy lifestyle is evident in the form of malnutrition, more gastro

Reproductive Disorders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reproductive Disorders - Essay Example Nearly 20% of men with rectal colonization become symptomatic. Infection in untreated cases is complicated by involvement of testes and epididymis (Ison, 2011). In females, nearly half of the uncomplicated N. gonorrhoeae infections are asymptomatic. Symptomatic females present with purulent or nonpurulent vaginal discharge due to cervicitis. Complicated infection is more common in women. Involvement of fallopian tubes and pelvic peritoneum occurs and patient presents with acute abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, malaise and ill health (Ison, 2011). PID due to gonococcal infection is more common in the developing part of the world. It is acquired by sexual transmission. The infection spreads across the epithelium of fallopian tubes, ovaries and pelvic peritoneum causing inflammation of these structures and resultant adhesions and abscesses. Ovarian abscess and peritonitis are serious sequelae of the disease (Ison, 2011). Jane’s symptoms are suggestive of peritonitis. Fallopian tube blockage and adhesions due to pelvic inflammatory disease and ovarian abscess can lead to infertility and ectopic pregnancy (Ison, 2011). Thus, Jane may develop infertility as a result of PID. N. gonorrhoeae was earlier sensitive to antimicrobials but it has rapidly developed resistance. At present, 3rd generation extended cephalosporins are the drugs of choice. Penicillinase producing N. gonorrhoeae is drug resistant bacteria and this enzyme mediated resistance is acquired through plasmids. A low degree of resistance is also mediated as chromosomal resistance which is a result of additive effect of multiple mutations. They have become resistant to Tetracyclines but ceftriaxone nd azithromycin remain active (Ison, 2011). Ison, C.A.  (2011). Gonorrhoeae and the clinical picture of infection. In G. E. Gross & S. K. Tyring (Eds.), Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (pp. 79-80). New York:

Social Desirability and Effectiveness of a Fat Tax in Countering Essay

Social Desirability and Effectiveness of a Fat Tax in Countering Obesity and Dietary-Related Disease in Canada - Essay Example Food labeling measures have been implemented for years, but despite such policies being in place, people in these nations continue to grow obese. Recently, most governments, especially in America, Europe and parts of Asia have or are considering implementing high tax policies on junk food. Experiences show that food tax policies are withdrawn later for their unintended consequences, with only a few exceptions of countries like Finland that seem to progress well with such policies. Thesis: This paper asserts that fat tax yields unintended consequences by impacting consumers differently in reference to regression effect, and there are challenges in altering consumer dietary behavior. Fat tax alone is an insufficient measure to solve the problem of obesity in any country; it would require combined policies and regulations by different responsible parties to alleviate the health problem. Each government has individually selected which food categories to impose the tax on. Some focus on levying high sugar foods, while others focus on fat saturation or the cholesterol content. These are some of the ways used to evaluate taxable junk food. However, defining junk food is complicated for the reason that it extends even into the healthy food types. First, not every meal that is served at the table even in sizable proportions is healthy or has the right nutritional value. Researchers classify vegetables and fruits among the recommended food types, others extend to healthy fatty acids which can be challenged when high-fat content is considered, but place a bias on the served fast foods at most outlets, targeting those prepared or manufactured with high sugar, salt, fat, cholesterol and fat-saturated or low vitamins contents. Others define unhealthy foods as a combination of the latter category but criticized to be rather harsh on the consumer.

A Corporate Communication Plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

A Corporate Communication Plan - Term Paper Example Subsequently, the paper also would provide a brief overview about the various resources that are required for effective management of public relations. The term ‘communication’ has come into prominence since the last 150 years. It is widely used in business in all parts of the world with equal importance. Corporate communication is regarded as the collective effort of the organisation to communicate effectively as well as profitably. The most obvious reason for any organisation in taking any action is to achieve the desired goals. A large part of the company’s success depends on how it communicates and maintains its relationship with the suppliers, employees and the customers. A corporate communication is a strategic tool that an organisation uses to gain competitive edge over its competitors in the market. Additionally, the managers of the company use this tool to motivate and influence the employees as well as the public. This tool is more regarded as an art than science. On a whole, corporate communication is a term that is used to describe the various functions of the management with regard to the external a nd the internal communication of the organisation. The various aspects of corporate communication might include public relations, advertising, media relations, employee relation and relation with suppliers, community relations, labour relations, technological communications and management communication among others (Goodman, 1994). A corporate communication plan is prepared to identify the objectives and actions to enhance the internal as well the external communication of the company (City of Sarnia, n.d.). BT Group plc is a telecommunication company that is based in the United Kingdom. The company has its networks in more than 50 countries and provides products and services in around 170 nations. The prime area of its business is with regard to providing communications

A Mexican Tejano in American Texas Essay Example for Free

A Mexican Tejano in American Texas Essay Thesis As young Tejano boy who lives in Texas with family, friends, and a community with respectful ordinance and order for law. One has experienced a life drastic change when two frontiers are met in Texas for the demand for independence, land, and property in my land. A Tejano life becomes a change for one when the United States fight in battle for Independence with Mexico, and ultimately change the characteristic and the effects of a Tejano life-for a boy. I am Tejano What is a Tejano? We are known to be the first descendants to grow families in Texas. From 1600’s through the late 1800’s, Tejano’s are extractions of the Mexican and Spanish groups that first colonized the Texas frontier. I have lived many years in Texas prior to the revolution and I helped create the areas first plaza’s, politics, missionaries, plantations, ranches, and developed roadways. â€Å"I am a Tejano!† San Antonio de Bexar where I was born, part of the Spain’s colonial holdings in the New World. My father Bernardo H. Reyes had immigrated to Texas from the State of Veracruz, Mexico. My father’s European heritage and devoted craftsman skills. My father: Bernardo H. Reyes surged as a forerunner in the society of San Antonio. He devoted his work as a mayor (Alcalde), of San Antonio, Texas to which was heroic to a Tejano son. He hoisted us in the European section of the plaza, and sent my older blood brothers and me to Mexico for better schooling. In change, school was subject to change for me. My advantages in s chool came to an end. At the age of 13, my father passed unexpectedly forcing us to return home to supply support to family back home in 1811 and 1813. The Anti-colonial revolutionaries took over many towns as I watched violently defeating our Mexican military. My older brother Danny Reyes, fought with the Mexican Army, also, helping the rebels in the fights, he was discharged when they discovered the event leading to a Battle of Alaz’n in Coahuila-y-Tejas, on June 20, 1813. Tejano Origins Tejano’s contributed to a stable cultural effect throughout the economic region in Texas. My people ranched and furnished a true historical value to Texas with families cultivated a new transition of a foreign Spanish flag to the Mexican flag. From people who wrote the laws that define Tejano life and also invited Angelo Immigrants-Whites. Tejano life was important in unifying the community for a military purpose of the reconciliation to settle in Texas. Tejano cultures were very distinguished with a very strong sense of community. In 1821, one was told there was a population of 4,000 Tejano’s in Texas. The early Spaniards had originally brought with them a good associating for neighboring brothers-which was identified as the barrio. The barrio was reinforced on the Texas Frontera when the early expeditions came to settle in Texas. People came together as families creating communities around the missions which made Texas a home to Tejano’s to settle. The term â⠂¬Å"Tejano† has been used to identify ones people and as a Tejano boy historically. I knew that Texas was the heritage of Spaniards to Mexican culture, and is now forced to see a new transition take place-with the United States for Independence. Texas Between 1821 and 1836, Texas was the land that introduced two frontiers in the Battles of American Military and Mexican Military for Independence, land, and power. Culture and social commerce were competitive during these condemning years. A political dominance for Mexican lands was well-catching when new settlers migrated into Mexico. In September 1810, before the United States migrated, New Spain was afraid that the first movement for freedom would lead to independence by a Mexican Priest named Miguel Hidalgo (My Uncle). His main ambition was to create a movement that would be independent country from Spain. Ending Texas the New Constitution gave a self-governed province by making a new state of Coahuila y Texas. In 1810 Mexico declared its independence from Spain after a protracted struggle. In September 1821, after three hundred years under Spanish rule, Mexico obtained its sovereignty and became a New Mexican empire. Years after in 1836, the Alamo took battle in the front and in 1846 the Battle of the Mexican American War lasted two years ceding nearly half of its territory from Mexico to the United States. These were The Battle of the Alamo followed by the Mexican-American War in 1846. Changing the political forces during for Tejano’s in Texas. Anglo Men (White) Anglo is a prefix indicating a relation to English white people in 1821 (American History, 2012). When the Anglo Men first appeared in Texas, Tejano settlement composed three areas to separate the regions in Texas. The Nacogdoches region, the Bexar Goliad Region along with the San Antonio river. Each of the population fluctuated independently in its region from others between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande, but shared certain trademarks in many similarities, which was military. Spain closed the Mouth of the Mississippi to foreigners from 1784 through 1795 due to 50,000 Americans settlers crossing. It was difficult to return across the Appalachian Mountains. The Americans were trying to set plantations for their crops in Louisiana and Texas during this time. Thomas Jefferson Threatened Mexico for a war over this new transition. Philip Nolan became the first Anglo American to cross the borders to sell horse trading in Texas but was arrested by Spanish borders. In Mexico City foile d our plans. Mexico was afraid about the reports that American immigrants were flouting Mexican laws and entering illegally, causing the Tejano population to be outnumbered to a rate of ten to one. The Mexican government excluded the importation of indentured servants to Texas and I was then surrounded by angle white settlers. Conclusion It is evident that Tejano laws laid much of the foundation for a prosperous Texan society and community. Eventually, American settlers fight for Independence with Mexico in the Mexican-American War, changing the effects, cultures, and territories-for Tejano’s. Indeed, the history of Texas can never be complete without the story of his origins and founders of an eminent Tejano. Reference American History. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/essays/1801-1900/anglo-american-colonization-in-texas/texas-1821-1836.php Garcia, D (2004, Jan). People Events: Jose’ Antonio Navarro (1795-1871). Remember the Alamo, From http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/alamo/filmmore/webcredits.html From http://www.geocities.com/flambdog/texanscivilwar.htm MARTINEZ-CATSAM, A. (2013). War along the Border: The Mexican Revolution and Tejano Communities. Journal of Southern History, 79(3), 752-753 Schultz, K. M. (2012). HIST 2 (2nd Ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

Examine the role of the witches in Macbeth Essay Example for Free

Examine the role of the witches in Macbeth Essay King James I succeeded Queen Elizabeth I on the throne of England in 1603. He was a member of the Stuart dynasty and was already the King of Scotland. This meant he united the two kingdoms, ending incessant warring between the two nations. James hoped to end the period of religious turmoil that had engulfed England for the previous century. The people in 17th Century England were very superstitious and witchcraft was the object of fevered fascination. In 1604 a law was passed that said anyone convicted of witchcraft should be executed. King James I was as fascinated by witches as his subjects, and in 1590 he personally interrogated a group of witches who had plotted to kill him. Misogyny and a strong belief that morality was being upheld fuelled societys hatred of witches. World Order was an important factor of seventeenth century life. World Order was a system in which God was at the top of the chain, followed by the King or Queen, then humans, birds, animals and fish. They believed that the King had been directly chosen by God and therefore did not have to answer to parliament. The human section of the Order was split into subdivisions of classes. It was believed that each person was born into their social status and ambition to rise above their position was considered unacceptable and was punishable by political means or by fate. The audience would immediately realise that once Macbeth had murdered the King, he would have to die, as he had disturbed Gods natural order. The first scene of Macbeth prepares the audience for the entrance of the witches with the use of pathetic fallacy. This is used to dramatic effect, with thunder, lightning and rain applied to create a feeling of chaos. The scene being set in a desolate place reinforces this idea, with the setting making it seem like the events that will unfold will be of an ominous nature. The words the witches use support the idea of chaos and disturbance. The word hurly-burly is used to show the turmoil at the time, with the area being ravaged by battle. Another phrase used to show disturbance is fair is foul and foul is fair. This phrase makes the audience wonder how anything fair can possibly be foul, thus creating confusion. There are many indicators that the three weird sisters are witches. These include the use of the number three, the familiars and the language of the sisters. The number three is a number often believed to be magical, and throughout the play Shakespeare frequently uses this number throughout the play. All three of the sisters have familiars, demons who take the form of creatures to aid witches with their evil craft. This is shown when the witches say I come Graymalkin, Paddock calls and Anon. Some of the sisters say things that can be interpreted as being related to witchcraft, including that will be ere the set of sun. This relates to witchcraft, as traditionally it was believed that witches performed magic at sunset. In Act I Scene 1, the Captain tells the story of Macbeth being a brave and noble man who is valiant and trustworthy. He gives an account of a battle that has just taken place and tells the king of Macbeths role in it. As the man telling the story holds the rank of Captain, trust is established between him and the audience. The use of words such as carved, unseamed and steel have connotations of murder and butchery, showing Macbeths bloodthirstiness in battle. The Captain also uses the phrase or memorise another Golgotha. This compares Macbeths fighting as being as bloody and savage as the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. This is a huge comparison, as Christ is a holy figure. I think that this shows Macbeth fights with such passion it could be almost a religion. A semantic field of warfare and battle supports this scene, with lexis including choke; rebel; galloglasses; smoked; over-charged; bloody; execution; carved; battlements; cannons and wounds. I think the words choke and over-charged are strong words, as they both show the zeal and ferocity Macbeth fought with. There is a large contrast between the way the witches and the Captain portray Macbeth. This creates an ambivalent presentation of Macbeth, allowing the audience to interpret Macbeths character in different ways. As a result of this, Macbeths entrance to the play is delayed until the third scene to allow the witches and the Captain to speak. The contradictory ideas about Macbeth that are spoken create tension, as the audience waits to see the true nature of Macbeth. A witch speaks before Macbeths arrival in Act I Scene 3, the line A drum, a drum, Macbeth doth come. This line has a strong aural quality, and the rhyming of drum and come creates a sound like a heartbeat, or a drum signifying war. This creates uncertainty in the audiences mind, and prepares them for an ominous scene. Throughout the first scene of the play the witches are presented to the audience as puzzling creatures, possibly closer akin to Satan than humans. Their characters seem uncertain and their strange speech patterns are an enigma. They speak many contradictions including when the battles lost and won and fair is foul and foul is fair. These contradictions could possibly be affiliated to world order, and the 17th Century audience may interpret the witches speech as a disturbance of that. The second appearance of the witches gives an insight into the power of the witches. The first witch tells the others about a woman who insulted her and how she would take her revenge upon the womans husband. The womans husband was the captain of a ship and the witch says in a sieve Ill thither sail and Ill do, Ill do, and Ill do. One of the skills witches were credited with was the ability to sail in sieves and the use of this and the way in which Ill do is repeated three times, suggests some form of incantation will be used upon the sailor. The other witches offer to give a wind, allowing her to create a storm at the ships location. This shows that while the witches cannot directly control people, they do have control over the environment and they can use this to change the circumstances of people. What the witches plan to do with the captain is very alike what happens to Macbeth in the future. Sleep shall neither night nor day is similar to Macbeth after murdering Duncan, where he is plagued by nightmares and cannot sleep. This links Macbeth to the witches and shows his evil nature. When Macbeth meets the witches he is greeted with the witches saying hail to thee, Thane of Glamis, hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor and All hail Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter. The three lines indicate the three states of being: past, present and future. Glamis shows the past tense, as Macbeth has been Thane of Glamis for a significant amount of time and he is aware of his position. Cawdor represents the present, as unbeknown to him, Duncan has just stripped the previous Thane of Cawdor of his title, and will issue it to Macbeth. The final greeting is a prophecy, and it tells Macbeth that he will become King of England. The close repetition of the phrase gives the parallelism a strong rhythmic value, creating a sound that is similar to a spell or incantation. This reminds the audience that the prophecy has come from the mouths of evil, and so cannot be pure. After hearing these prophecies Macbeth responds by physically jolting. Banquo saying why do you start and seem to fear shows this. There are three possible explanations for him jumping. Either Macbeth jumps in fear of the witches, jumps because he knows Duncan must die, or because the idea of murdering the king was already in his mind. In my opinion the reason Shakespeare put Banquos line into the play was to make the audience wonder if Macbeth had already thought about killing Duncan and claiming the throne. After the prophecies are given, Macbeth also orders the witches to tell him more. Imperative verbs are used to show his commands. These include stay and speak. These show Macbeth wants to know more and show his military commanding background. It appears that he is used to having his orders carried out. Ross a herald of King Duncan then gives the news that Macbeth is Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth responds by saying The Thane of Cawdor lives. Why do you dress me in borrowed robes? This is part of a set of clothes images throughout the play. This series of images supports the theme of the play, assuming a false identity and assuming someone else place. Clothing is used because Macbeth appears to be hiding his true nature behind the valiant robes of kingship. The set of images is effective because clothing can suggest concealment and disguise. After being assured of his position as Thane of Cawdor, Macbeth edges into a soliloquy. This is a dramatic technique and shows a characters innermost thoughts. The phrase if ill, why hath it given me earnest of success? is spoken by Macbeth, and shows how he cannot understand how the prophecies can possibly be evil when they have given him success. This shows he fully believes the witches and so means he will be likely to commit the murder of the king. A series of images from the stage is in this soliloquy with words such as prologues; act and imperial theme. Another one of William Shakespeares plays, As You Like It has a similar theme and a character in it says All the worlds a stage and the characters merely players. They have their exits and their entrances. This displays world order, and it can be seen that each person has a part to play and must not step out of his or her role. By killing Duncan, Macbeth will step out of his role and cause chaos. I also think this can be related to Macbeth, as the witches have carefully orchestrated his life and have great control over his destiny. This is very much alike to the lines or acts in a play, while his exit will be his fate. At the end of the soliloquy there is also another clothes image, when Banquo says look how our partners rapt. This is a pun, as Macbeth is spellbound but also metaphorically wrapped in the clothes of another man the king. The language of Macbeths letter to his wife shows that he has chosen to believe the witches prophesies. The letter opens with the phrase They met me in the day of success. This shows that all the experiences he had that day were successful, the battle and the encounter with the witches. The phrase they have more in them than mortal knowledge shows that he fully believes they have magical powers, and that he trusts they will be beneficial to his cause. He says he burned in desire to question them further, showing the audience his desperate need to know more information. The phrase fate and metaphysical aid doth seem is used by Lady Macbeth in her response to Macbeths letter. This phrase is significant as it shows her readiness to ally herself with evil and the magic of the witches. It also shows that she believes fate has placed the supernatural witches in their paths and they would be wrong to side against them. Lady Macbeth has a large soliloquy in Act I Scene 5. A soliloquy is where an actor turns to the audience and speaks directly to them, as if the character were daydreaming. The actor speaks the truth as their character perceives it to be to the audience. This technique is used to great dramatic effect by Shakespeare. In her soliloquy her deadly intent is revealed. The words I feel now the future in the instant spoken by Lady Macbeth are very significant. They show that she believes their future will be decided by their actions regarding the king. I think that at this point she knows what must be done for her husband to become King. Lady Macbeth graphically indicates her decision to bring about the death of King Duncan by saying O never shall sun that morrow see. This shows that when the king goes to sleep, he shall never see daylight again: his fate is inevitable. Sun is used as an image because the sun is a symbolic representation of monarchy. Also, in world order, kings where the highest placed creature, just as the sun is the most important thing in the sky. When Macbeth rejoins his wife, they speak of their plans to kill Duncan. She advises Macbeth to look like thinnocent flower, but be the serpent undert. This means she wants Macbeth to look honest and friendly on the outside, yet on the inside, be as venomous as a vicious serpent and murder the king. The audience at the time would make a link between this and the Gunpowder Plot. The medals awarded during the plot to commemorate James escape featured a flower intertwined with a snake. As this had only recently happened in Shakespeares time, the audience would immediately recognise the connection. In Act I Scene 6, Duncan visits Macbeths castle. At the scenes start, Duncan remarks upon how agreeable the castle is, with phrases such as hath a pleasant seat and recommends itself displaying his thoughts. This is ironic, as the castle looks like thinnocent flower but is really the serpent undert, as the king finds out. Lady Macbeth uses many euphemisms for murder in her soliloquy. Examples of these are provided for, great business and dispatch. The use of euphemism shows that she does not want to explicitly state her murderous intentions clearly. A reason for this could be that she is afraid of being overheard and accused of treason. However, I think the main reason is that if she clearly said murder the situation would seem more real and she would see the extent of the crime. I believe she is still unsure herself about the gravity of the situation. The euphemisms all have double meanings, and these could be seen as a type of test for Macbeth to see how he would react to the suggestions. Provided for could mean to be fed or to be killed. The great business could be seen to be the feasting or the murder that would mean greatness for the Macbeths. The word dispatch could mean welcoming the guest, or the murder. In Act I Scene 7 Macbeth has a soliloquy that shows his indecisive state of mind. There are many words which show doubt, including if and but, displaying how he is considering his actions and is not fully committed to the cause. This is supported by the language of thought, including but how, if and could. Macbeth shows he is aware of just how immoral the murder would be, with the lines hes here in double trust: first, as I am his kinsman and his subject then as his host. Here Macbeth lists his reasons why he should not kill Duncan, as he is his subject, his host and is even related to him. Through the soliloquy Macbeth shows that he understands there will be consequences for murder. Might be the be-all and the end-all here is a line spoken that shows the murder will not be the end of his troubled time; it will be the beginning of an even more distressing state. He recognises that consequences will occur to whoever carries out the action and shows it through the phrase bloody instructions which being taught, return to plague thinventor. Macbeth also says to himself that Duncan has been a good king and that his virtues will plead like angels. At the end of the soliloquy an extended metaphor of horsemanship develops. This includes words such as spur; prick; vaulting; oerleaps and falls. This is prefigures Macbeths life, as his vaulting ambition is all he has to spur him on, and it will eventually reach too high (the position of king) and oerleap. He will then fall and will receive the consequences of his actions. The image of horsemanship was used to remind the audience of Macbeths strict militaristic background. Macbeths soliloquy shows a huge difference in character between himself and his wife. While his wife immediately resolves that they must kill the king, Macbeth thinks about the consequences. This shows Macbeth does have a conscience and I think this causes the audience to feel sympathetic to his plight. Macbeth has a second soliloquy in Act II Scene 1. Here his intensified fragile state of mind is shown to the audience. Macbeth sees an apparition of a floating dagger, shown through the phrase is this a dagger which I see before me. This shows that his mind is so focused upon the murder of Duncan, it is seeing weapons everywhere he turns. Phrases such as a dagger of the mind proceeding from the heat-oppressà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d brain, show the mental strain Macbeth is under. A semantic field of the supernatural underpins this soliloquy, with words including: witchcraft; Hecate; murder; sentinel; wolf; stealthy; ghost and fear. I think that Hecate is a particularly powerful word to use as Hecate was traditionally thought to be the goddess of witchcraft. At the beginning of the soliloquy Macbeth is using euphemisms for murder, like the bloody business. However, towards the end of the soliloquy, the language has developed and now includes words like murder and horror. This shows that Macbeth has now fully made his decision and accepts what he must do. The soliloquy ends with a rhyming couplet, reminiscent of the witches. By using the language of the witches on Macbeth, Shakespeare has identified Macbeth closely with them. This creates the impression that the soliloquy ends with him making his own spell that will mean the death of Duncan. The two soliloquies depict the way in which the witches have effected Macbeth. They have given him advice and he has taken it in the way that he believed was correct. The witches have only influenced him, they have not directly told him what to do. I think Shakespeare has used these soliloquies to give the audience an insight into the mind of a murderer. As this was a 17th Century production, psychology and other studies into the mind had not been begun. This would mean the audience would be enthralled by what would have been revolutionary viewing. Act II Scene 4 takes place outside of Macbeths castle and is a conversation between Ross a thane and an old man. Though this scene takes place after the murder of Duncan, the two characters discussing the night do not yet know anything about his death. It is important that the man speaking is old, as this means he has lived for a long time among the feuding Scottish warlords. This creates an impression of knowledge, and that the old man would have seen many unusual things. Pathetic fallacy is used, with the phrase dark night strangles the travelling lamp signifying an eclipse. I think an eclipse has been used for the nights weather, as it is highly unusual and would have been considered to be supernatural. This would have given the night an eerie atmosphere. The old man begins the scene by saying this sore night hath trifled former knowings. This shows that while the man is very old, he cannot remember a night as strange as this. A bank of images relating to the stage is found, including act and stage. These relate to the previous stage images, found in Act I Scene 3. The images link to world order and the way in which everybody has a part to play that they cannot change. By murdering Duncan, Macbeth has stepped out of his role and his upset the balance of world order. A falcon towring in her pride of place was by a mousing owl hawked at and killed. The falcon is top of the food chain, and this is metaphorical for a lesser animal (Macbeth) killing something that belongs at the top of world order (Duncan). The horses have turned cannibalistic and are eating each other: turned wild in nature, broke their stalls they eat each other. This shows just how disturbed the order of the world is, yet it is also metaphorical for Macbeth killing his own kind. The use of language such as entomb, strange and unnatural show the precarious state the world is now in, with Duncan dead. Act IV Scene 1 begins with the three witches casting a spell in preparation for their meeting with Macbeth. Pathetic fallacy is once again used, with thunder giving the audience the impression the spell will be destructive. The chant shows many of the prejudices of the time. The witches put many parts of creatures that were considered inferior to the majority into the cauldron. These inferior creatures are: frog; bat; dog; adder; blind-worm; lizard and howlet. All of the animals mentioned are creatures of the night, and so were considered very rudimentary forms of life. After more chanting, the witches begin to put in parts of other items associated with death. The mythical dragon, the predatory wolf, the evil witches mummy and the poisonous hemlock are all placed into the pot. This adds to the feeling of death and evil. Societys prejudices come to the forefront of the chant with body parts of non-Christians being added to the pot: liver of blaspheming Jew, nose of Turk and Tartars lips. As Jews, Turks and Tartars were not Christian, the audience would have feared them as they were foreign and their cultures were unknown to them. There is a semantic field of poison in the incantation, and the lexis included are: poisoned; entrails; toad; sweltered; venom; sleeping; boil and bubble. These were all added by Shakespeare to make the witches concoction appear to be very deadly. Towards the end of the spell, the finger of a birth-strangled babe, ditch delivered by a drab. A drab was a prostitute and the child would have been killed at birth, as an illegitimate child would bring shame upon the family. As it was strangled at birth, the child is unblessed and so would never enter Heaven. This is familiar magic and works through association. This could prefigure Macbeths murder of Macduffs children. The magic number three is also used, when the witches say thrice towards the start of the spell. The rhymes and rhythm of the words help to reinforce the idea of a deadly spell. The spell has a heavy aural quality, and this meant the audience could feel a part of the play. Rhyming couplets are used throughout the spell, helping to make it seem like a chant. An example of a rhyming couplet is Ditch delivered by a drab, make the gruel thick and slab. This phrase also has many labials in it, helping to create a sense of evil and decay. Shakespeare also employs onomatopoeia in Macbeth. This helps to reinforce the tension and make an aural sound of a spell. Examples of onomatopoeia are double, trouble and bubble. There is a language link between this and Act I Scene 2 where the captain describes Macbeth as having doubly redoubled strokes upon the foe. This helps to tie Macbeth to the witches. I think that Macbeth returns to the witches because he wants to know his future. He has been tortured by the spirit of Banquo whom he has had killed and he fears for his sanity. Macbeth goes to the witches to seek assurances that he will not be dethroned in the future. I think he is looking for a future, as his guilt seems to tell him he will not have a pleasant one. The fact that he comes to the witches for reassurance shows that he has chosen to fully believe them and he trusts them. By consulting them, he is trying to change his own fate. This could further upset the order of the world. Macbeth greets the witches in the following way: How now, you secret, black, and midnight hags! What ist you do? Black and secret connote concealment and this links to the clothes images that run throughout the play. The use of the phrase midnight hags shows that Macbeth understands the power of the witches and that they have just created a spell. Midnight is the witching hour, and this can be cross referenced to Act I Scene 1 where the witches say that will be ere the set of sun. A witch responds by saying a deed without a name. This is in keeping with the earlier euphemisms for murder. When Macbeth speaks to the witches he instantly commands them by saying I conjure you. This is a play on words, as the witches have the ability to conjure things and because he is commanding them. Imperative verbs are once again used, showing that he is used to having his orders carried out. Examples of imperatives are answer and speak. Macbeth is prepared to take the world to the edge of destruction to get the answers he seeks. Castles topple and pyramids do slope their heads to their foundations shows he does not care about the destruction he causes in his quest. He ends by saying even till destruction sicken. I believe this would be said with finality, showing how deeply he will pursue his aims. A semantic field of chaos underpins this whole section, with words like: winds; yeasty waves; confound; swallow; lodged; blown down; topple; slope; tumble and destruction. Semantics are used here to show just how much Macbeth has already disturbed world order by murdering Duncan. The witches create three apparitions that give Macbeth a prophecy each. The first apparition is of an armed head and it tells Macbeth:Beware Macduff, Beware the Thane of Fife. Macbeths immediate response is thou has harped my fear alright, meaning he has confirmed what he thought. Towards the end of the scene, he says he will act on his first impulse and do what his first instincts say: The very firstlings of my heart shall be, the firstlings of my hand. After hearing Macduff has fled Scotland, Macbeth turns into a blind rage and orders his men to give to thedge othsword his wife, his babes, and all unfortunate souls that trace him in his line. The second apparition is of a bloody child and tells Macbeth: Laugh to scorn the power of men, for none of woman born shall harm Macbeth. This greatly pleases Macbeth and gives him more security. Although he is reassured, he still makes an oath that he will kill Macduff. I think he does this for extra reassurance in light of the first apparition. The bloody child prefigures the decision Macbeth will make to kill Macduffs children. The third apparition is of a child crowned, with a tree in his hand. The child tells Macbeth: Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane hill shall come against him. Macbeth responds by saying no one can make the trees move at their will. This shows that he dismisses the prophecy and does not take into consideration the possibilities of how this could occur. Macbeths confidence has improved greatly after hearing these prophecies and he confidently asks the third apparition shall Banquos issue ever reign in this kingdom? By asking the question, Macbeth shows he is still intrigued by the original prophecy of the witches which said Banquos descendants will be monarchs. The witches then tell him seek to know no more. This annoys Macbeth and he childishly says deny me this, and an eternal curse fall on you, showing his arrogance. After he does this, the witches summon another apparition, this time eight kings with Banquo following behind. Macbeth realises the answer to his question about Banquos heirs when he says: Now I see tis true, for the blood-boltered Banquo smiles upon me, and points at them for his. Macbeths reactions to all the prophecies show his precarious state of mind. Throughout Act IV Scene 1 he lapses into bravado, attempting to show he is confident when in actual fact he is very nervous and afraid. Two examples of bravado used are call em, let me see em and had I three ears, Id hear thee. Although he is nervous and fearful of his future, Macbeth still feels superior to the witches. This is shown through phrases such as tell me and filthy hags. Macbeth misses the significance of the third prophecy, where the obvious interpretation of the trees being camouflage is overlooked. This shows that he is no longer thinking like a soldier, and rather a desperate man. The apparition showing Banquos heirs is believed to have political significance. The eight king bears a glass (mirror) and it is thought that it would have been pointed at King James I, watched the play. As it was facing James, the audience would have seen the kings face while the line, some I see, that two-fold balls and treble sceptres carry was spoken. These represent the two orbs James I carried at his two coronations in Scotland and England, as well as the three kingdoms he now ruled: Scotland, England and Ireland. I think this was put into the play to try and support James. When he came to power, he promised better things for both Catholics and Protestants. However, he seemed not to fulfill these promises in the way that the people wanted and the Gunpowder Plot challenged his rule. I think that Shakespeare put this section in Macbeth to try and show James had a legitimate claim to the throne as he was descended from ancient royalty. In the scene, Macbeths assistant is called Seyton. This could possibly be pronounced Satan, adding to the impression of Macbeths growing evil. I think the use of an assistant called Seyton makes it sound as though Macbeth now has his own familiar, the Devil himself. Towards the end of the scene, the doctor tells Macbeth that Lady Macbeth is suffering from a mental ailment. Macbeths immediate response is to order the doctor to cure her of that. The next few lines of the play detail Macbeth asking if the doctor cannot cure a mind diseased. However, I believe the audience would see the question as Macbeth asking for help himself, as the anxiety and sorrow he describes is what he himself is suffering from. The question is reinforced by a semantic field of cleaning, with words such as: minister; pluck; raze; antidote and cleanse. I think this shows just how badly Macbeth wants his mental state to be cured. When the doctor says patients must cure themselves, he responds by angrily saying throw physic to the dogs. This shows his precarious mental state. Act V Scene 8 details the battle between Macbeth and Macduff outside Dunsinane Castle. The scene begins with Macbeth saying he wants to become the great soldier that he once was, and will not commit suicide. The line why should I play the Roman fool and fie on mine own sword? shows this. Macbeth tells Macduff that he has avoided him for the entirety of the battle, but his soul is too much charged with blood. This means he has seen so much death he no longer cares about who he faces. As he is facing Macduff, Macbeth boasts that no naturally born man can kill him. This makes Macduff reveal his own Caesarean birth. Hearing this, Macbeth almost physically collapses. The mental stress and the fake promise of glory from the witches suddenly leave Macbeth, and he is free to sadly muse about his shortcomings. And be these juggling fiends no more believed That palter with us in a double sense, That keep the word of promise to our ear And break it to our hope. This section shows how Macbeth now views the witches and their prophecies. The first line shows how he no longer believes the witches. The use of the phrase juggling fiends represents his view that the witches have been juggling with fate, emotion and peoples lives. That palter with us in a double sense means Macbeth now accepts that the witches prophecies could have been interpreted in different ways and he made the wrong choices. That keep the word of promise to our ear shows how they misled him by speaking of future greatness, but then break it to our hope. Despite realising that Macduff will kill him, Macbeth decides to die fighting, in an attempt to reclaim some of his lost honour. Another reason for his decision to die fighting is the fact that he cannot bear the thought of being subservient to Malcolm after being in a position of power all his life.

Person Centred Therapy: Overview and Analysis

Person Centred Therapy: Overview and Analysis Person-centered Therapy Ong Khai Lun Abstract This article discussed about Person-centered Therapy which is developed by Carl Rogers. Carl Rogers who is the Humanistic psychologist believed that there are needs that needed to be fulfilled by individual in order for the wellness of the individual. Person-centered Therapy is developed based on the Humanistic approach in the psychology field. In this article, whole of the Person-centered Therapy will be discussed, the core elements that need to be practiced by Person-centered therapists will be discussed and the critical condition in order for the therapy to be success will also be discussed in this article. This article is to help understand Person-centered Therapy and what requirement that needs to be followed when practicing Person-centered Therapy. Introduction In Person-centered Therapy, Carl Rogers believed that the client should focus on the present and the future as opposed to Gestalt Therapy that focused only on the present. Carl Rogers also believed that by focusing on the present and the future, the client would be able to understand more about himself or herself (McLeod, 2008). In Person-centered therapy, the client will be the main focus rather than the focus on how good is the therapist. This is due to Rogers believed that the self-healing ability and the personal growth that helps lead the client towards self-actualization (McLeod, 2008; Love Pinkowitz, 2013). The main purpose of Person-centered Therapy is to allow the client to have the opportunity to develop the sense of self where the client will be able to realize how their attitudes, their feelings and their behaviors that are being affected negatively (Love Pinkowitz, 2013; Swartout Swartout, 2012). Based on Person-centered Therapy, the self-concept is main element of our experiences and self-concept is influencer that will mold our perception towards the world and the perception towards the individual himself or herself. For example, an individual who is very confident towards himself or herself will behave confidently. The self-concept might not always fit the real world but as every individual is different in nature, the way we see ourselves and others see us might be different. For example, individual A might be a fun person to the eyes of others but individual might see himself as boring person, so individual A behave as a fun person to increase his or her self-esteem. The way individual A sees himself or herself might reflect how individual A values his or her self-esteem. In Person-centered Therapy, those who came for the therapy will not refer as ‘patients’ instead they will be referred as ‘clients’. This is due to the therapist and the clients are viewed as equal partners. The client is responsible to improve his life or her life and not the therapist (Corey, 2009). This is the part where Person-centered Therapy differs from psychoanalysis, where the patients is diagnosed by the psychologist and treated by the psychologist. The clients will be consciously and rationally make decisions for themselves about what is the right things to do and what should be done. The therapist in Person-centered Therapy is viewed as a friend that will listen to the problem and encourages the clients on an equal level rather than the therapist that view himself or herself as superiority in the session (Corey, 2009; Hagner, Kurtz, May Cloutier, 2014). Hagner, Kurtz, May Cloutier (2014) state that there is no absolute counseling technique to be applied in Person-centered Therapy as every counseling relationship that built with the clients are unique by itself. The quality of the therapeutic relationship between the client and the therapist is more important compared to the therapy techniques. There are three important elements that should be practiced by Person-centered Therapists is congruent, unconditional positive regard and emphatic. The first element that needs to be practice by Person-centered therapists is congruence. Congruence means that therapists need to be genuine in the therapeutic relationship. The therapists need to fully involve himself or herself in the therapeutic relationship in order for the wellness of the clients. The client is allowed to experience the therapist’s experience as Person-centered therapists can use their own experiences to enhance the therapeutic relationship (Cornelius-White, 2008). The second element that needs to be practice by Person-centered therapists is unconditional positive regard. Carl Rogers believed that in order for an individual to grow and fulfill his or her potential, it is very important that the individual is valued as himself or herself. This means that Person-centered therapists need to care about their clients deeply and genuinely in order for the growth and potential development of the clients. This also means that the therapists need the attitude of a ccept their clients as how the clients are (Corey, 2009). Thus Person-centered therapists need to always carefully maintain positive attitude toward their clients. The third core element that needed to be practiced by Person-centered therapists is empathy. By practicing empathy means that the therapists have the ability to understand what the clients’ experience and the clients’ feelings at the current moment. There are six critical conditions that need to meet in order for therapeutic change for the clients; therapist-client psychological contact, client incongruence, therapist congruence, therapist unconditional positive regard, therapist emphatic understanding and client perception (Corey, 2009; Cornelius-White, 2008). Therapist-client psychological contact is a relationship that needs to be established between the client and the therapist. Client incongruence means that there is an existence of incongruence between the clients’ experiences and the clients’ awareness. Therapist congruence means that the therapists need to be congruence in the therapeutic relationship. The therapists need to fully involved in the relationship and also they can use their own relationship to facilitate the therapeutic relationship. Therapist unconditional positive regard means that the therapists need to accept their clients as they are. This will help to increase the self-concept of the clie nt. Therapist empathic understanding requires the therapist to have empathic understanding towards the clients’ inner-self. Adequate empathy will allow the clients to believe their therapists have unconditional love towards them. Client perception is where the clients perceive the therapists’ unconditional positive regards and the therapists’ emphatic understanding. These six critical conditions are then summarized into three important elements; congruent, unconditional positive regard and emphatic (Maslow, Fazio, Ortigara, Kuhn Zeisel, 2013). As a conclusion, Person-centered Therapy requires the clients to concentrate in his or her present and future, which the clients will be able to know himself or herself more. Besides that, Person-centered Therapy will concentrate on the clients self-healing ability and the self-concept of the clients. In order to promote the self-concept of the clients, the therapists would need to practice three main elements; congruent, unconditional positive regard and emphatic. Aside from that, for the therapeutic relationship to be successful, the therapists need to ensure six core conditions to be presence; therapist-client psychological contact, client incongruence, therapist congruence, therapist unconditional positive regard, therapist emphatic understanding and client perception. References Corey, G. (2009).Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy(8th ed.). Belmont,  CA: Brooks/Cole. Cornelius-White, J. D. (2008). Reexamination of Rogers (1959) Collection of Theories on  the Person-Centered Approach. Person-Centered Experiential Psychotherapies,  7(3), 201-208.   Hagner, D., Kurtz, A., May, J., Cloutier, H. (2014). Person-Centered Planning for  Transition-Aged Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal Of Rehabilitation,  80(1), 4-10. Love, K., Pinkowitz, J. (2013). Person-Centered Care for People with Dementia : A  Theoretical and Conceptual Framework. Generations, 37(3), 23-29. Maslow, K., Fazio, S., Ortigara, A., Kuhn, D., Zeisel, J. (2013). From Concept to Practice:  Training in Person-Centered Care for People with Dementia. Generations, 37(3), 100-  107. McLeod, S. A. (2008). Person Centered Therapy. Retrieved from  http://www.simplypsychology.org/client-centred-therapy.html Morhardt, D., Spira, M. (2013). From Person-Centered Care to Relational Centered Care.  Generations, 37(3), 37-44. Swartout, K. M., Swartout, A. G. (2012). Shifting perspectives: Applying person-centered  analyses to violence research. Psychology Of Violence, 2(4), 309-312.  doi:10.1037/a0029910 Why Did Margaret Thatcher Win? Why Did Margaret Thatcher Win? The essay has been divided by 3 parts, equally with the 3 periods of time that Mrs Thatcher campaigning to be in power. Each part Id state the key events and policies circulated by Mrs Prime Minister and the Conservatives Party and also the opposition partys activites, together to conclude the factors that contributed to Mrs Thatchers 3 consecutive General Election victory and her 11 years in power. Why did Tories/ Margaret Thatcher win the 1979 General Election? The period of time from 1974 to 1979 is when the two dominant British political parties were under controlled by their two leaders: Jim Callaghan for Labour and Margaret Thatcher for Conservatives. The February 1974 General Election saw a hung parliament as a result and Labour was the largest party (Owen and Howe, 2011). The leader of the Labour party was Harold Wilson. In April 1976, he was succeeded by Jim Callaghan, who was the first and remain the only Prime Minister to hold the role in all three offices of state, which are Home Secretary of State and Chancellor of the Exchequer (1964 70), Foreign Secretary of State from 1974 before holding office at number 10 Downing Street (BBC News, 2001). Meanwhile, Margaret Thatcher successfully challenged Edward Heath for leadership of the Conservatives party to be the first woman to lead a major political party and the Tories had got its very first woman leader. The economy at such this point wasnt an alliance with the Labour government t o leave them in a well-controlled position. After the quadrupling of oil prices in 1973-74 of the O.P.E.Cs oil prices crisis, inflation rose sharply to over 24% and the sterling pound ( £) reached an alert point in the international currency market. During 1971 and 1974, inflation had been arrived at a rate of 9.3%, but had a peak of 27% in 1975. Between 1974 and 1978 the average of inflation was 17.3% and later on fell down to 9.3% in 1979 (Visitor6 Website, 2012). To keep up and to survive with costly goods in such an inflationary era, its inevitable for all the workers to claim for higher wages to live with the situation. Greater paid amount for workers was campaigned by the unions, in fact, they would favour a rise in wages up to 22% for fireman, 14% for bakers, despite the limit of 5% of the government policy (ibid, 2012). In consequence, the strikes began. Strikes carried on by truck drivers and oil tanker drivers, garbage collection services stopped in Liverpool, resulting in rubbish all over and pile up on the streets. Even worse, the grave-diggers went on strike, dead bodied were not buried, making this the most depressed chaos ever and making the government looks like it couldnt cope with the situation (ibid, 2012). This, was so-called, the Winter of Discontent, which was a significant factor contributing to the victory of the Conservative in the 1979 General Election, as the Labour government was seen with nothing to rely on. Another thing to note is that, by April 1976, after two days Callaghan holding the Prime Minister Office, the Labour party has lost its majority to be a minority government of 1, as a result of the resignation of the formal Cabinet Minister John Stonehouse, and the 2 backbenchers left to establish a new Scottish Labour Party (BBC On This Day Website, 2005). This was also a miscalculation of Callaghan, when he had the right to call an election by October 1978, but he didnt as the economic performance started to get a little bi t better, and then the Winter of Discontent (WoD) appeared. Meanwhile, the Conservatives were getting every single opportunity out of their excellent media campaign. Mrs Thatcher was more than welcome for the attraction of the media and to provide journalists lots of photo-opportunities. The Tories also managed to get an efficient use of TV broadcast, and also the influence of their poster Labour isnt working delivered by advertising agency Saatchi and Saatchi, imitating a queue of jobless people (Bunn, 2010a). The Conservative manifesto advanced greatly away from the Keynesian economic policies which had been adopted since 1945 by all government. Instead of applying demand management like previously, Mrs Thatcher adopted the idea of monetarism policies, which stated by the Chicago economist Milton Friedman that money supply is the main reason rising the rate of inflation, hence for the government to be able to control inflation, public expenditure shall be cut down and the amount o f money circulated in the business flow should be well under controlled, although all of this would lead to further unemployment rate (Owen and Howe, 2011). To be focused on lowering the rate of inflation, the Tories reckon that small inflation would create greater developing environment for firms and businesses, therefore providing greater demand for jobs because of the non-fluctuation condition in the market (Visitor6 Website, 2012). Other policies including leaving the market opened and free movement of the economy, breaking down the excessive power of the Trade Unions and tax cuts. The Conservatives party now seen as the party of Law and Order, giving Britain a new begin to escape from the so long chaos (Owen and Howe, 2011). The 1979 General Election results putting the Conservative back into power after with the total win of 339 seats, winning a solid majority of 44, marking the first of the 4 consecutive Genereal Election victories in the following years of the Tories, and Ma rgaret Thatcher became the first woman to be the Prime Minister and serving on number 10 Downing Street (Bunn, 2010a). Thatchers first term in power: 1979 1983 The first two years of the Thatcher Government were a remarkably difficult time in British politics. As stated above, Thatcher was massively inspired by the idea of monetarism, which believe the biggest demon of government is inflation, and to be in a good hand of controlling inflation rate, government need to control the flow of money supply (EconomicHelp Website, 2007). Indirect taxes were increased, government expenditure was lowered down and higher interest rate as government was fighting inflation (ibid, 2007). In the first Budget introduced in 1979, income tax rates were cut by 3%, from 33% to 30% but VAT was increased to a single rate of 15%. Interest rates were kept high, even raised up to 14%. The result was an economic recession (1979 81) in which manufacturing productivity fell by nearly 20% (BBC Budget Website, 1997). The subsequent rise in unemployment made it difficult to reduce government spending, which, as percentage of GDP, increased until 1983, although thereafter it fell noticeably. On the other hand, as a result of the recession, inflation fell significantly. By 1982, it was at 5% which was the average of the OECD and then reached its bottom for almost 20 years at 2.6% in 1986 (Owen and Howe, 2011). The turning point for the Conservatives Party during this tough period before the 1983 General Election was the Falkland War. Four months before the Falkland conflict, Mrs. Thatcher was the most unpopular Prime Minister on record according to the early 1980s opinion polls (Owen and Howe, 2011). After the island attack, her popular ratings increased from 41% in April and to 56% in May 1982 and when the invasion was finally over in June, her approval ratings was favourably reached 59% (IPSOS Website, 2007). Nevertheless, even before the Falkland factor happened, the economic was slightly recovered from the recession, backing up Thatchers image, and also there was obviously public support behind the governments decision of fighting and getting back the island. The Economist conducted a survey showed that 83% seen the decision of sending the naval task force to Falkland was right, followed by 85% in a later week and 85% in early May (ibid, 2007). Hence, the Prime Minster was doing what t he people also desired to do and expected to do so, and with the successful achievement of the invasions outcomes, Mrs Thatcher was seen as a strong and patriotic leader. Adulations were honoured to Mrs Prime Minister by the tabloid press across the nation (Owen and Howe, 2011). There was clearly the Falkland factors behind the Conservative win on the 1983 General Election, but theres others factor supported Thatcher too, such as what was happening on the side of the opposition party. The Labour was divided, and appeared to middle-class voters as extremely left-wing and too close to the Unions. Their Manifesto for the 1983 election, later describes as the longest suicide note in history by Sir Gerald Kaufman, was the most left-wing manifesto ever as believed (Rayner, 2013). The party wished to exit the EEC by the end of the next term and non-business with all nuclear weapons. It would not let the market to be left freely and pledged to more state intervention in the economy with the association of the Trade Unions in paying and other decisions. It also wanted to nationalised again all the assets to the state, including the bank of England. Finally, the party was saying to end one of the most popular policies of the Tories, The Right to Buy council tenant houses (Bunn, 2010b). Adding all of the elements stated above, the result was a second victory for Margaret Thatcher and a landline winning for the Conservative Party with 397 seats and an overall majority of 144 (Bunn, 2010b). With that massive amount of majority, Thatcher would be able to perform even more radical reforms in her next following term in power (Rayner, 2013). The second term in power: 1983 1987 Not long after the 1983 election, Thatcher in 1984 attended a summit of European Union leaders at Fontainebleau, France. She has been wrangling many years to claim for the rebate that Britain should have earned as contributing a massive amount to the budget of the EEC, for example Britain was the most imported agriculture-products country and paid heavily for the Common Agriculture Policy (CAP)s financial statement (Zijlstra, 2005). I want my money back with this legendary saying at the summit, Mrs Thatcher put British Euroscepticism into words clearer than anyone else before. The event was seemed to be successful for the Iron Lady, but on the other hands, distanced herself with other EU leaders in the area (Owen and Howe, 2011). The key event associated with Mrs Thatchers second term in office is undoubtedly the Miners Strike Defeat (1984 85). Since 1974, Mrs Prime Minister believed a strike could be expected, as when the miners had heavily tackled down the Heaths government. In addition, in the 1983 general election, the Labour party again was unable to be in power with Michael Foot being its leader, she said a strike would naturally arise (Craig, 2013). The National Coal Board was planning the strike by shutting down many of the uneconomic pits and stem financial losses running into billions (ibid, 2013). Ian MacGragor was appointed as the boards chairman by Mrs Thatcher, foreseeing the strike and stocking a massive amount of coal at power stations with orders and support from Nigel Lawson and later Peter Walker, the Energy Secretaries of State (ibid, 2013). The miners leader, Arthur Scargill, was negotiating with the Colonel Gaddafi of Libya and Mikhail Gorbachev for sufficient fund for the prolonging st rike. He was said to have got  £150,000 from Lybia, but by forecasting the strike long ahead, Mr Gorbachev agreed not to support the miners after Thatchers successful persuasion (ibid, 2013). By the end of 1984, the miners and their families facing financial shortage and poverty, returned to work and the strike was seen as admitting its defeat. This Miners Strike event was a direct hit on the Trade Unions, weakening its power, and as Thatcher wrote in her memoirs, What the strikes defeat meant was that Britain could not be made ungovernable by the Fascist Left (ibid, 2013). The 1980s also can be clearly seen as the era of privatisation. The nationalised assets had gradually been selling to private buyers and investors: British Telephone (1984), British Gas (1986), British Airways (1987), British Steel (1988). Electricity privatisation begun in the 90s, British Rail was privatised by Major later on. The Thatcherite support for privatisation was that it created more options and competitions in the market, hence provide the best service and offer best prices to customers, and also contribute extra funds to the Treasury (Owen and Howe, 2011). Approximately  £440m was raised by the privatising progress by 1987, which is the perfect condition for government to allow further direct tax cuts. Despite the increase in inflation rate, these were seen as the economic feel-good factors, putting the Conservatives Party on another term in power, but turn out to be Thatchers last election victory (ibid, 2011). Bibliographies BBC Budget Website (1997), http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/budget97/background/bud1979_92.shtml (accessed 7 May 2013). BBC News (2001) Elections Battle 1945 1997: 1979: The Thatcher Era Begin, http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/vote2001/in_depth/election_battles/1979_over.stm (accessed 7 May 2013). Bunn, M. (2010a) 1979 UK General Election, http://suite101.com/article/1979-uk-general-election-a231103 (accessed 7 May 2013). Bunn, M. (2010b) 1983 UK General Election, http://suite101.com/article/1983-uk-general-election-a231863 (accessed 7 May 2013). Craig, J. (2013) Miners Strike: Margaret Thatcher Triumph, http://news.sky.com/story/1075351/miners-strike-margaret-thatchers-triumph (accessed 7 May 2013). EconomicsHelp Website (2007) UK Economy under Mrs Thatcher 1979-1984, http://econ.economicshelp.org/2007/03/uk-economy-under-mrs-thatcher-1979-1984.html (accessed 7 May 2013). IPSOS-Mori Website (2007) Political Commentary The Falklands Factor Revisited, http://www.ipsos-mori.com/newsevents/ca/273/Political-Commentary-The-Falklands-Factor-Revisited.aspx (accessed 7 May 2013). Owen, V. and Howe, C. (2011) Politics. Essex: Pearson Education. Rayner, G. (2013) Margaret Thatcher dies: time and achievements as Britains first female PM, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/margaret-thatcher/8081313/Margaret-Thatcher-dies-time-and-achievements-as-Britains-first-female-PM.html (accessed 7 May 2013). Visitor6 Website (2012) The Reasons why the Conservatives won the General Elections of 1979, 1983 and 1987?, http://visitor6.com/political-thought/the-reasons-why-the-conservatives-won-the-general-elections-of-1979-1983-and-1987/ (accessed 7 May 2013). Zijlstra, T. (2005) The people want their money back, http://www.cafebabel.co.uk/article/1311/the-people-want-their-money-back.html (accessed 7 May 2013). Why Is Play Important? Why Is Play Important? The right to play is a childs first claim on the community. Play is natures training for life. No community can infringe that right without doing deep and enduring harm to the minds and bodies of its citizens. By playing, children learn and develop as individuals, and as members of the community. Letting children go out and play is one of the best things that parents can do for their childrens health. A mix of active, imaginative and creative play makes for a brilliantly balanced diet of play. Some children prefer to spend most of their time with creative play, some with imaginative play and others with active play. There is nothing wrong in liking one toy or game in particular, but a balanced diet of play is best for development. In other words, its good for your child to play in lots of different ways. Each type of play contributes in its own way to all-round psychological progress. Your child gets something different out of playing with different toys. Encourage your child to achi eve a balanced diet of play by offering a regular change of play activities. You can suggest new types of games and new toys. A balanced diet of play is as important as good food or love. According to Dr Richard Woolfson (an educational psychologist with 30 years experience and a qualified nursery and primary school teacher), a portion each of three types of play each day helps with every childs healthy development: Creative play is about drawing, painting, playing music, cooking, or making something (anything!). It doesnt matter what your child makes, or whether theres a perfect result. Through creative play, your child expresses his- or herself, learns about process, discovers cause and effect and gains pride in their achievements. Imaginative play starts in your childs head. It can be role-playing, creating a new game, giving toys a voice, inventing adventures or playing a word game. Through imaginative play your child begins to understand the world, investigates fact and fiction, and develops positive relationships with themselves and other people. Active play is how your child moves in the world. It is running, jumping, catching and dancing all of which build strength and boost coordination. Active play is also a great way to learn about teamwork, release tension and feel truly free. Play is a serious business, as far as children are concerned. Play makes an immense contribution to your childs development in lots of important ways.As a child plays, they learn all about themselves and what they can do. Play helps them make friends, enjoy company and discover the world around them. Your child has fun while playing and at the same time is exercising, discovering and developing both emotionally and physically. Thats what makes play so wonderful! Improving Confidence Through Play Play boosts your childs self-confidence in many ways: Exploration. By learning through discovery, your child develops belief in their skills and abilities. Movement. As soon as your child can move, they want to play. The I got there by myself expression shows your childs growing confidence. Playing is also a fantastic form of exercise and as the facts show us, children need regular exercise. Facts: Welsh children are the second most overweight in Europe According to recent research by the World Health Organisation -in Wales, 23% of boys and 17% of girls are obese. 60% of children spend up to 4 hours a day watching TV. Only 60% of children have regular opportunities to play outside. Imagination. Children use their imagination in pretend-play. This is a new and exciting experience for children, and they love it. Creativity. Every child can be creative in play. Your child will be delighted when you smile at their drawings and paintings. Socialising. Playing with friends is a great way for your child to learn important social skills like sharing and taking turns. Problem-solving. Your childs confidence is boosted by solving a puzzle they would rather do it without too much help. Language. Playing with others builds up your childs vocabulary, speech and communication skills. Individual Play Patterns The way your child plays depends on many different factors. First theres their age and stage of development play becomes more complicated as your child grows older. Personality matters too an enthusiastic child will get stuck in to toys immediately while a passive child may hold back. The range of toys and games available affects play a child who hasnt got a pedal toy, for example, wont learn how to make it move by pushing the pedals. Every child instinctively needs to play. But there are many distractions that can grab young interest. For example, a television programme or a computer game may attract your childs attention away from toys and games. A Balanced Diet of Play Some children prefer to spend most of their time with creative play, some with imaginative play and others with active play. There is nothing wrong in liking one toy or game in particular, but a balanced diet of play is best for development. In other words, its good for your child to play in lots of different ways. Each type of play contributes in its own way to all-round psychological progress. Your child gets something different out of playing with different toys. Encourage your child to achieve a balanced diet of play by offering a regular change of play activities.